A Masterpiece of History and Poetry: 19th-Century Tabriz “Four Seasons” Pictorial Rug

Origin: Tabriz, Northwest Persia (late 19th century)

Collection: Private Collection

Dimensions: 316 × 225 cm (124 × 89 in.)

Knot Type: Turkish (Ghiordes) knot

Knot Density: 503,200 knots per sq. m. (approx. 325 knots per sq. in.)

Structure:

• Warp: Cotton in various colours

• Weft: Double weft of blue cotton

• Pile: Fine wool

Introduction: A Pictorial Tabriz Carpet Rich in Symbolism

Among the most intellectually ambitious creations of Persian weaving, this late 19th-century Tabriz pictorial rug stands as a visual encyclopedia of Iranian history, religion, and literature. Woven with extraordinary precision using the Turkish (Ghiordes) knot, the carpet integrates dozens of historical and poetic figures into an allegorical composition representing the Four Seasons.

This is not merely a decorative carpet—it is a narrative textile, intended for a royal household and bearing the signature of the renowned Sanyeh Ijadi factory, one of the prestigious weaving ateliers of Tabriz.

Tabriz: The Intellectual Capital of Persian Carpet Weaving

Located in northwest Iran, Tabriz has long been one of the most important centres of Persian carpet production. During the Safavid dynasty and continuing into the 19th century, Tabriz workshops were celebrated for:

• Fine knot density

• Precise drawing and artistic sophistication

• Courtly and literary themes

• Pictorial and figural compositions

By the late 19th century, Tabriz weavers were producing highly refined carpets for royal patrons, intellectual elites, and international collectors. This masterpiece reflects that golden tradition.

Structure & Technical Excellence

This carpet features an impressive 503,200 knots per square meter, a density that allows for:

• Detailed facial expressions

• Architectural elements

• Inscription cartouches

• Allegorical scenes

The use of the Turkish (Ghiordes) knot gives structural strength and crisp definition. The cotton warp in various colours and the distinctive double blue cotton weft contribute to stability, while the fine wool pile enhances both durability and clarity of imagery.

With 74 knots per 10 cm across and 68 knots per 10 cm lengthwise, the weaving precision supports its complex pictorial program.

The Four Seasons: Allegory and Cosmology in Textile Form

The overall design represents the Four Seasons, a symbolic framework deeply rooted in Persian philosophy and cosmology. Within this seasonal structure, the weaver has assembled a grand pantheon of Persian kings, poets, and prophets.

Central Figure: Darius the Great

At the centre of the carpet sits Darius the Great, enthroned. As one of the most powerful rulers of the Achaemenid Empire (6th–5th century BCE), Darius symbolizes imperial authority, order, and civilization.

His central placement reinforces the theme of governance and cosmic harmony.

Royal and Historical Figures Depicted

The rug includes representations of major Persian rulers:

• Shah Abbas the Great – the Safavid monarch who elevated Persian arts and architecture.

• Anushirvan (Khosrow I) – remembered for justice and reform.

• Nader Shah – the military genius who restored Persian power.

• Ardashir I – founder of the Sasanian dynasty.

• Shah Tahmurath (mythological king of the Pishdadian dynasty).

These figures create a visual timeline of Persian imperial continuity, reinforcing national identity and historical grandeur.

The Great Poets of Persia

Interwoven among the rulers are the literary giants of Persian civilization:

• Sa’di

• Hafiz

• Omar Khayyam

• Ferdowsi

• Nizami Ganjavi

• Baba Taher

Their presence transforms the carpet into a woven anthology of Persian literature. The inclusion of Ferdowsi, author of the Shahnameh, reinforces the epic and heroic tone of the composition.

Religious & Biblical Figures in the Corners

In the four corners, we find representations of:

• Adam and Eve

• Abraham

• Jesus

• Moses

This universal religious inclusion reflects 19th-century Qajar-era intellectual culture, where Persian art often engaged with broader Abrahamic narratives. It also suggests the carpet’s intended royal and diplomatic setting—symbolizing inclusivity and civilizational depth.

Signature & Royal Commission

The carpet bears the signature of the Sanyeh Ijadi factory, indicating workshop production rather than village weaving. Such signatures typically denote:

• Court or aristocratic commission

• High artistic oversight

• Master designer involvement

• Limited production

The narrow additional border near the fringes contains raised cartouches with inscriptions—another feature typical of royal or ceremonial carpets.

Artistic & Investment Value

For collectors of antique Tabriz carpets, this piece offers:

• Exceptional knot density

• Historical and literary iconography

• Signed workshop origin

• Royal association

• Monumental scale (over 3 meters long)

Pictorial Persian rugs from Tabriz are highly sought after in international auctions due to their narrative complexity and fine craftsmanship.

Why This Carpet Matters Today

For collectors, historians, and interior designers alike, this 19th-century Tabriz Four Seasons rug represents:

• Persian imperial history

• Literary brilliance

• Religious symbolism

• Technical mastery

• Courtly luxury