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This Persian medallion carpet, attributed to Tabriz in the 17th century, is a masterpiece of craftsmanship housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Measuring 802 x 412 cm, it features a dense knotting of 620,000 knots per square meter, with a cotton warp, silk weft, and wool pile.

The central design showcases a circular medallion flanked by cartouches and arabesques, surrounded by slender, flower-adorned branches. Stylized red tulip-like flowers, "cloud-band" motifs (tchi), and vibrant peacocks add life and color to the field. The triple-bordered frame includes spiraling branches and stylized flowers, combining elegance and intricate detail.

A gift from the Kress Foundation, this carpet is a stunning example of Persian artistry, celebrated for its extraordinary beauty and technical mastery.

The Ardebil Carpet, dating back to 1539, is one of the most celebrated examples of Persian art, traditionally believed to have originated from the mosque at Ardebil, the resting place of Sheikh Safi al-Din and Shah Ismail I. It is a medallion-style carpet with intricate designs and inscribed verses by the poet Hafiz. The carpet was likely created under the supervision of Maqsud of Kashan, a prominent carpet maker of the time. Despite some uncertainty about its exact origin, the carpet’s beauty and craftsmanship have made it a revered piece in the Victoria and Albert Museum’s collection. It remains one of the greatest carpets ever created, showcasing the splendor of Persian weaving traditions.

This 16th-century Persian rug, housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, is a masterpiece of artistry and craftsmanship. Known as the "Chelsea Carpet," it features 738,700 Persian knots per square meter and a luxurious combination of silk and wool. Its intricate design includes medallions, blossoming trees, mythical creatures like phoenixes and dragons, and a serene central pool filled with fish. Sharing a stylistic connection with the famed Ardabil Carpet, it is considered one of the most beautiful rugs in the world, showcasing Persia's rich cultural legacy in carpet weaving.

The “Garden” carpet, originating from northwest Persia in the early 16th century, is the earliest known example of the garden design. Likely crafted in Heriz, it features a vibrant layout of canals with fish, ducks, medallions adorned with birds, deer, and blossoms, all framed by a floral border. Woven with wool, cotton, and silk, it boasts intricate craftsmanship with 307,200 knots per square meter. This historic masterpiece, once part of the Figdor Collection, now resides in the Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst in Vienna.

Carpet-making begins with evenly tensioned warp threads on a loom for symmetry. A selvedge, woven with weft threads, forms a firm edge for knotting.

The two main knot types are:

• Ghiordes (Turkish Knot): Knots wrap two warp threads, followed by weft compression and trimming to create the pile.
• Senneh (Persian Knot): Wool wraps one warp thread, looping behind another for intricate designs.

These refined techniques ensure Persian carpets are durable and exquisite.

Rug weaving relies on looms that stretch warp threads for knotting and weaving, with two main types:

Horizontal Looms: Portable and used by nomadic groups like the Kashgais and Turkomans.

Vertical Looms: More complex, used by settled artisans, with three types:

• Village Loom: Simple design with adjustable warp threads.
• Tabriz Loom: Continuously loops warp threads for efficient weaving.
• Roller Beam Loom: Advanced, allowing rugs of any length with uniform tension.

Each loom type influences the size, detail, and craftsmanship of the final rug.

Many Persian rugs feature inscriptions within a cartouche, often revealing the name of the commissioner, the artist, or the factory and year of creation. These inscriptions typically use the Hegira calendar rather than the Iranian calendar. To convert a Hegira date to the Christian era, subtract 3% of the inscribed date and add 622. The Hegira calendar begins with the Prophet Mohammed’s migration from Mecca, marking the start of the Islamic calendar.

Iranian artistry shines brilliantly in the intricate patterns of Persian rugs, a true reflection of the country’s rich cultural heritage. Each region crafts its own distinctive designs, preserving centuries-old traditions that serve as cultural signatures, revealing the origins of various production centers. Yet, in recent years, artisans from other countries have replicated these designs, diluting the profound meanings and symbolism passed down through generations.

The vibrant hues of Persian carpets showcase the skill and artistry of Iranian artisans. Known for their mastery in blending and harmonizing colors, they create rich, warm, and sophisticated shades that endure through time. For centuries, the dyes used were sourced exclusively from nature, including plants and animals. In some traditional villages, this age-old practice continues, preserving the legacy of natural dyeing.